Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which philosopher is most closely associated with the concept of religious tolerance during the Enlightenment?

1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

2. John Locke

3. Voltaire

4. Thomas Hobbes

The correct answer is: Voltaire

The concept of religious tolerance during the Enlightenment is most closely associated with Voltaire. He was a prominent advocate for civil liberties and freedom of thought, often criticizing religious intolerance and fanaticism. Voltaire's writings, such as "Treatise on Tolerance," illustrate his belief that individuals should have the freedom to practice their religion without persecution. His critiques of established religions and his arguments for the separation of church and state contributed significantly to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and individual rights. Although other philosophers like John Locke also discussed toleration, particularly in his "Letter Concerning Toleration," Voltaire’s passionate pleas and focused advocacy for religious freedom positioned him as a definitive voice in this area. His wit and satirical critique of the Church and religious dogma resonated widely, making him synonymous with the fight for religious liberty during the Enlightenment.