Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

How does Burke’s perspective on revolution contrast with Robespierre’s?

1. Burke favors complete political reform

2. Burke emphasizes caution and respect for tradition, while Robespierre focuses on immediate change

3. Both support radical and swift changes

4. Burke believes in revolutionary ideals like fraternity

The correct answer is: Burke emphasizes caution and respect for tradition, while Robespierre focuses on immediate change

Burke’s perspective on revolution emphasizes caution and a deep respect for tradition, arguing that societal change should be gradual and rooted in established customs and institutions. He was critical of the radical changes proposed by revolutionaries, viewing them as potentially dangerous and destabilizing. This approach reflects his belief that reforms should emerge from historical context and societal needs rather than abrupt upheavals. In contrast, Robespierre, as a leading figure of the French Revolution, advocated for immediate and radical change. He believed that the revolution was necessary to break from the past and initiate a new order based on Enlightenment ideals such as liberty and equality. Robespierre’s focus was on the necessity of drastic measures to achieve a more just society, including the use of violence if it meant protecting the revolution and maintaining its ideals. By highlighting these contrasting views, it becomes evident that Burke’s advocacy for a cautious approach deeply reflects a trust in established institutions, while Robespierre's perspective embodies a commitment to swift and fundamental change, often leading to extreme actions and turmoil. This difference illustrates a fundamental debate about the nature of progress and the means by which it should be pursued in the context of political revolutions.